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Below is a chronological summary of various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]]. As defined in [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]] (1973), [[Convivial Tools]] are those which enhance the independent efficiency of the users. Illich also foresaw the development of the internet before there was an internet, and understood that certain types of tools would be developed and maintained by the community that uses them. | Below is a chronological summary of various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]]. As defined in [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]] (1973), [[Convivial Tools]] are those which enhance the independent efficiency of the users. Illich also foresaw the development of the internet before there was an internet, and understood that certain types of tools would be developed and maintained by the community that uses them. | ||
| − | The roots of the philosophy of [[Convivial Tools]] go back at least to the French Enlightenment and the first Encyclopedists. For an outline of the critique of industrial technology over the past two hundred years, see the | + | The roots of the philosophy of [[Convivial Tools]] go back at least to the French Enlightenment and the first Encyclopedists. For an outline of the critique of industrial technology over the past two hundred years, see the article on the [http://conviviality.ouvaton.org/article.php3?id_article=8 Historical Roots of Convivial Philosophy]. Note also that the [[Whole Earth]] and [[Appropriate Technology]] movements in fact emerged in the late nineteen-sixties, a few years ''before'' the publication of [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]]. |
The following incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]] are introduced in roughly chronological order: | The following incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]] are introduced in roughly chronological order: | ||
