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As described in [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]] (1973), [[Convivial Tools]] are those which enhance the independent efficiency of the users. Illich also foresaw the development of the internet before there was an internet, and understood that certain types of tools would be developed and maintained by the community that uses them. | As described in [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]] (1973), [[Convivial Tools]] are those which enhance the independent efficiency of the users. Illich also foresaw the development of the internet before there was an internet, and understood that certain types of tools would be developed and maintained by the community that uses them. | ||
| − | The roots of the philosophy of [[Convivial Tools]] go back at least to the French Enlightenment and the first Encyclopedists. For an outline of the critique of industrial technology over the past two hundred years, see the article [The Roots of Conviviality]. | + | The roots of the philosophy of [[Convivial Tools]] go back at least to the French Enlightenment and the first Encyclopedists. For an outline of the critique of industrial technology over the past two hundred years, see the article [The Roots of Conviviality]. And the Whole Earth and Appropriate Technology movements in fact emerged in the late nineteen sixties, a few years ''before'' the publication of [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]]. |
The various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]] include, in roughly chronological order, the following: | The various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]] include, in roughly chronological order, the following: | ||
*[[#Whole_Earth|Whole Earth Catalog and its offshoots]] | *[[#Whole_Earth|Whole Earth Catalog and its offshoots]] | ||
| + | *[[#Appropriate_Technology|Appropriate Technology and its variants]] | ||
*[[#Convivial_Tools|Ivan Illich's philosophy of Convivial Tools]] | *[[#Convivial_Tools|Ivan Illich's philosophy of Convivial Tools]] | ||
| − | *[[#Hacker Generation| | + | *[[#Hacker Generation|Hacker Generation of the seventies and eighties]] |
*[[#Free_and_Open_Source_Software|Free and Open Source Software movements]] | *[[#Free_and_Open_Source_Software|Free and Open Source Software movements]] | ||
*[[#Wikis|Wikis]] | *[[#Wikis|Wikis]] | ||
