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==Introduction to the Narrative Summary== | ==Introduction to the Narrative Summary== | ||
| − | The narrative presented on this page is a roughly chronological summary of various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]]. | + | The narrative presented below on this page is a roughly chronological summary of various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]]. |
| − | As | + | As defined in [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]] (1973), [[Convivial Tools]] are those which enhance the independent efficiency of the users. Illich also foresaw the development of the internet before there was an internet, and understood that certain types of tools would be developed and maintained by the community that uses them. |
| − | The roots of the philosophy of [[Convivial Tools]] go back at least to the French Enlightenment and the first Encyclopedists. For an outline of the critique of industrial technology over the past two hundred years, see the article [The Roots of Conviviality]. | + | The roots of the philosophy of [[Convivial Tools]] go back at least to the French Enlightenment and the first Encyclopedists. For an outline of the critique of industrial technology over the past two hundred years, see the article [The Roots of Conviviality]. Note also that the Whole Earth and Appropriate Technology movements in fact emerged in the late nineteen-sixties, a few years ''before'' the publication of [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]]. |
| − | The various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]] | + | The various incarnations of the idea of [[Convivial Tools]] introduced hereafter include: |
*[[#Whole_Earth|Whole Earth Catalog and its offshoots]] | *[[#Whole_Earth|Whole Earth Catalog and its offshoots]] | ||
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*[[#Wikis|Wikis]] | *[[#Wikis|Wikis]] | ||
*[[#Open_Design|Open Design]] | *[[#Open_Design|Open Design]] | ||
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| + | The above list presents these mouvements in approximate chronological order. Clink on the above links to go the corresponding paragraphs below. | ||
==Whole Earth== | ==Whole Earth== | ||
